Traumatismo de grandes vasos del tórax: tratamiento quirúrgico con soporte de circulación extracorpórea / Injury of the great vessels of the chest: surgical treatment with cardiopulmonary bypass support: clinical cases

Resumen Objetivo: Presentar dos casos en que se empleó como soporte la circulación extracorpórea (CEC) durante cirugía por traumatismo torácico con lesión de grandes vasos del tórax (TTLGV). Materiales y Método: Se presentan dos casos con TTLGV en que se empleó cirugía con CEC. Resultados: Caso 1; hombre de 31 años con TTLGV por cuerpo extraño (tubo pleural) intracavitario del tronco de la arteria pulmonar izquierda, con entrada a través de parénquima pulmonar, en que se realizó cirugía abierta para retiro de cuerpo extraño más toractotomía pulmonar utilizando CEC como soporte. Caso 2; hombre de 21 años con TTLGV contuso y lesión de aorta en unión sino tubular, en que se realizó cirugía abierta y reemplazo de aorta ascendente con prótesis y uso CEC como soporte. Discusión: El uso de CEC como soporte es una alternativa para sustituir la función cardíaca y/o pulmonar durante cirugías excepcionales de reparación de TTLGV. Conclusión: El uso de técnicas de asistencia circulatoria como soporte durante la cirugía de reparación de TTLGV ocurre en casos muy seleccionados, siendo una alternativa ante lesiones particularmente complejas.

Aim: To present two cases of thoracic trauma with great vessel injury (TTGVI) surgeries where extracorporeal circulation (ECC) was employed. Materials and Method: Two TTGVI cases are presented and ECC during surgery was used in both. Results: Case 1; 31-year-old man with TTGVI due to an intracavitary foreign body (pleural tube) in the left pulmonary artery trunk, which entered through lung parenchyma. An open surgery was performed to remove the foreign body with pulmonary tractotomy using ECC as support. Case 2; 21-year-old man with blunt TTGVI and aortic injury at sinotubular junction. An open surgery with ascending aorta prosthesis replacement was performed, using ECC as support. Discussion: The use of ECC as support is an alternative to replace cardiac and/or pulmonary function during exceptional TTGVI reparation surgeries. Conclusión: The use of circulation assist techniques as support during TTGVI repair surgery occurs in highly selected cases, being an alternative to face very complex injuries.

Perforación traumática aislada de la vesícula biliar: revisión de la literatura actual con reporte de un caso / Isolated gallbladder perforation following blunt abdominal trauma: literature review and case report

Resumen Introducción La lesión de la vesícula biliar secundaria a trauma abdominal cerrado constituye un evento infrecuente de perforación traumática de ella, de presentación tardía. Objetivo Revisar la literatura científica actualmente disponible y además describimos un caso. Materiales y Método Utilizando la plataforma PubMed se buscan las siguientes palabras clave: " Blunt abdominal trauma ". Se seleccionan las series con lesiones de la vesícula biliar: " Traumatic gallbladder rupture". Se seleccionan los reportes de lesiones aisladas de la vesícula biliar: " Isolated gallbladder rupture ". Se seleccionan los reportes de presentación tardía de lesiones aisladas de la vesícula biliar: " Delayed presentation of isolated gallbladder rupture ". Resultados De todas estas publicaciones se seleccionan las que a criterio de los autores son relevantes para el presente caso. Discusión La mayoría de las perforaciones de la vesícula biliar se producen en vesículas sanas de paredes delgadas distendidas por el ayuno o el consumo de alcohol. No existe una presentación clínica clásica. Los estudios imagenológicos son inespecíficos y se llega al diagnóstico definitivo durante la exploración quirúrgica. El tratamiento de esta lesión es la colecistectomía. Conclusiones El diagnóstico no es fácil, pero la resolución es relativamente simple y el pronóstico es bueno. El presente caso ilustra este tipo de lesiones en pacientes con trauma abdominal cerrado.

Introduction Gallbladder injury secondary to blunt abdominal trauma is a rare event. Aim Review the current available scientific literature and describe a case. Materials and Method Using the PubMed platform, the following keywords were searched: "Blunt abdominal trauma". Series with gallbladder lesions were selected: "Traumatic gallbladder rupture". Reports of isolated lesions of the gallbladder were selected: "Isolated gallbladder rupture". Reports of late presentation of isolated lesions of the gallbladder were selected: "Delayed presentation of isolated gallbladder rupture". Of all these publications, those that were relevant to the present case were selected according to the criteria of the authors. Case report A 20 years-old male patient suffered an abdominal trauma two weeks before presentation at our Institution. He underwent an exploratory laparotomy showing bilious content and a gallbladder perforation over the peritoneal wall as an isolated injury. Discussion Most isolated gallbladder perforations occur in healthy gallbladders with thin walls and distended because fasting or alcohol consumption. There are no classical clinical features to diagnose this specific injury and radiologic studies are nonspecific. Definitive diagnosis is often reached during surgery as it was with our patient. Recommended treatment is cholecystectomy. Conclusions This case illustrates this unique kind of gallbladder injury in patients with blunt abdominal trauma. A clear diagnosis is not easy however, the treatment is simple and prognosis is good.

Assessment of trauma scoring systems in patients subjected to exploratory laparotomy / Avaliação dos escores de trauma em pacientes submetidos à laparotomia exploradora

ABSTRACT Objective: to assess the epidemiological profile of patients undergoing exploratory trauma laparotomy based on severity and prognosis criteria, and to determine the predictive accuracy of trauma scoring systems in terms of morbidity and mortality. Methods: retrospective cohort study and review of medical records of patients undergoing exploratory laparotomy for blunt or penetrating trauma at the Hospital de Pronto Socorro de Porto Alegre, from November 2015 to November 2019. Demographic data, mechanism of injury, associated injuries, physiological (RTS and Shock Index), anatomical (ISS, NISS and ATI) and combined (TRISS and NTRISS) trauma scores, intraoperative findings, postoperative complications, length of stay and outcomes. Results: 506 patients were included in the analysis. The mean age was 31 ± 13 years, with the majority being males (91.3%). Penetrating trauma was the most common mechanism of injury (86.2%), predominantly by firearms. The average RTS at hospital admission was 7.5 ± 0.7. The mean ISS and NISS was 16.5 ± 10.1 and 22.3 ± 13.6, respectively. The probability of survival estimated by TRISS was 95.5%, and by NTRISS 93%. The incidence of postoperative complications was 39.7% and the overall mortality was 12.8%. The most accurate score for predicting mortality was the NTRISS (88.5%), followed by TRISS, NISS and ISS. Conclusion: the study confirms the applicability of trauma scores in the studied population. The NTRISS seems to be the best predictor of morbidity and mortality.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar o perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes submetidos a laparotomia exploradora por trauma com base em critérios de gravidade e prognóstico, e determinar a acurácia preditiva dos escores de trauma em termos de morbimortalidade. Métodos: estudo de coorte retrospectiva e revisão de prontuários dos pacientes submetidos a laparotomia exploradora por trauma contuso ou penetrante no Hospital de Pronto Socorro de Porto Alegre no período de novembro de 2015 a novembro de 2019. Foram avaliados dados demográficos, mecanismo do trauma, lesões associadas, índices fisiológicos (RTS e Shock Index), anatômicos (ISS, NISS e ATI) e mistos (TRISS e NTRISS), achados intraoperatórios, complicações pós-operatórias, tempo de internação e desfecho. Resultados: foram incluídos 506 pacientes na análise. A idade média foi de 31 ± 13 anos, com predomínio do sexo masculino (91,3%). O trauma penetrante foi o mecanismo de lesão mais comum (86,2%), sendo a maioria por arma de fogo. A média do RTS na admissão hospitalar foi 7,5 ± 0,7. A média do ISS e do NISS foi 16,5 ± 10,1 e 22,3 ± 13,6, respectivamente. A probabilidade de sobrevida estimada pelo TRISS foi de 95,5%, e pelo NTRISS de 93%. A incidência de complicações pós-operatórias foi de 39,7% e a mortalidade geral de 12,8%. O escore com melhor acurácia preditiva foi o NTRISS (88,5%), seguido pelo TRISS, NISS e ISS. Conclusões: o estudo confirma a aplicabilidade dos escores de trauma na população em questão. O NTRISS parece ser o sistema com melhor acurácia preditiva de morbimortalidade.

Factores pronósticos para pérdida de extremidad con trauma arterial periférico en un hospital de Colombia / Prognostic factors for extreme loss in peripheral arterial trauma at a Colombian hospital

INTRODUCCIÓN: El trauma vascular es un evento de baja frecuencia, con alta morbimortalidad que afecta la población joven; requiere en general un manejo quirúrgico. Se asocia a complicaciones desde la reintervención quirúrgica hasta la amputación de la extremidad, influenciado por variables tanto asociadas al trauma como a la atención hospitalaria. OBJETIVO: Determinar los factores de riesgo relacionados con amputación, en pacientes con trauma arterial periférico (TAP), atendidos en un Hospital de III nivel Huila- Colombia entre 2014-2017. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional, analítico de corte retrospectiva con pacientes mayores de 13 años con TAP. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 79 pacientes, con un 1,56% de las consultas en nuestro Servicio de Urgencia. 89% hombres, promedio de edad 28,5 años. La principal comorbilidad fue la farmacodependencia 8,8%. El MESS (mangled extremity severity) promedio fue de 5,27 puntos y un tiempo critico de isquemia de extremidad > a 6 horas en el 38%. El mayor compromiso fue de miembros superiores, secundario a heridas por arma cortopunzante. La lesión predominante fue la transección arterial. Las principales complicaciones posquirúrgicas fueron la trombosis del vaso (21,5%) y la amputación (13,9%). Factores de riesgo asociados a amputación fueron la edad > 20 años, estancia hospitalaria > 7 días, MESS > 7 puntos, que presentaran como complicación quirúrgica la trombosis arterial y que requirieran reintervención quirúrgica. CONCLUSIONES: El trauma arterial periférico es una patología con gran repercusión socioeconómica y secuelas funcionales. Es necesaria la atención oportuna con tratamiento de las variables relacionadas con mal pronóstico, con el fin de disminuir las tasas de morbimortalidad.

INTRODUCTION: Vascular trauma is a low frequency event, with high morbidity and mortality that affects the young population; In general, it requires surgical management. It is associated with complications from surgical reintervention to amputation of the limb, influenced by trauma associated variables such as hospital care. AIM: Determine risk factors related to amputation, in patients with peripheral arterial trauma (TAP), treated at a Hospital of III level Huila-Colombia between 2014-2017. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Observational, retrospective analytical study with patients older than 13 years with TAP. RESULTS: We included 79 patients with an incidence of 1.56%. 89% men, average age 28.5 years. The main comorbidity was 8.8% drug dependence. The MESS (Mangled extremity severity) average was of 5.27 points and a critical time of limb ischemia > to 6 hours in 38%. The greater commitment was of superior members, secondary to injuries by sharp weapon. The predominant lesion was arterial transection. The main postoperative complications were vessel thrombosis (21.5%) and amputation in 13.9%. Risk factors associated with amputation were determined by age > 20 years, hospital stay > 7 days, MESS > 7 points, and that they presented arterial thrombosis as a surgical complication and finally required surgical reoperation. CONCLUSIONS: Peripheral arterial trauma is a pathology with great socioeconomic impact and functional sequelae. It is necessary the timely attention with treatment of the variables related to poor prognosis, in order to decrease the morbidity and mortality rates.

Thoracotomy compared to laparotomy in the traumatic diaphragmatic hernia. Systematic review and proportional methanalysis

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the most used approach to treat traumatic diaphragmatic ruptures, and in which one the requirement to assess the second cavity is more frequent. Methods: Systematic review, observational studies. Outcomes: moment of approach, most commonly via addressed and the requirement to open the other cavity. Bases searched: Lilacs, Pubmed, Embase, Clinicaltrials.gov and Web of Science. Statistical analysis: StatsDirect 3.0.121 software. Results: Sixty eight studies (2023 participants) were included. Approach in acute phase was performed four times more than in chronic phase. Approach: abdominal 65% (IC 95% 63-67%), thoracic 23% (IC 95% 21-24%), abdominal in the acute phase 75% (IC 95% 71-78%), and chronic 24% (IC 95% 19-29%), thoracic in the acute phase 12% (IC 95% 10-14%) and chronic 69% (IC 95% 63-74%). Thorax opening in the abdominal approach: 10% (95% CI 8-14%). Abdomen opening in the thoracic approach: 15% (95% CI 7-24%). Conclusions: The most common approach was the abdominal. The approach in the acute phase was more common. In the acute phase the abdominal approach is more frequent than the thoracic approach. In the chronic phase the thoracic approach is more frequent than the abdominal one. The requirement to open the second cavity was similar in both approaches.

Epidemiological evaluation of hepatic trauma victims undergoing surgery / Avaliação epidemiológica de vítimas de trauma hepático submetidas a tratamento cirúrgico

Objective : to evaluate the epidemiological variables and diagnostic and therapeutic modalities related to hepatic trauma patients undergoing laparotomy in a public referral hospital in the metropolitan region of Vitória-ES. Methods : we conducted a retrospective study, reviewing charts of trauma patients with liver injuries, whether isolated or in association with other organs, who underwent exploratory laparotomy, from January 2011 to December 2013. Results : We studied 392 patients, 107 of these with liver injury. The male: female ratio was 6.6 : 1 and the mean age was 30.12 years. Penetrating liver trauma occurred in 78.5% of patients, mostly with firearms. Associated injuries occurred in 86% of cases and intra-abdominal injuries were more common in penetrating trauma (p <0.01). The most commonly used operative technique was hepatorrhaphy and damage control surgery was applied in 6.5% of patients. The average amounts of blood products used were 6.07 units of packed red blood cells and 3.01 units of fresh frozen plasma. The incidence of postoperative complications was 29.9%, the most frequent being infectious, including pneumonia, peritonitis and intra-abdominal abscess. The survival rate of patients suffering from blunt trauma was 60%, and penetrating trauma, 87.5% (p <0.05). Conclusion : despite technological advances in diagnosis and treatment, mortality rates in liver trauma remain high, especially in patients suffering from blunt trauma in relation to penetrating one.

Objetivo : avaliar as variáveis epidemiológicas e as modalidades diagnósticas e terapêuticas relacionadas ao trauma hepático de pacientes submetidos à laparotomia exploradora em um hospital público de referência da Região Metropolitana de Vitória-ES. Métodos: estudo retrospectivo de revisão de prontuários dos pacientes vítimas de trauma com lesão hepática isolada ou associada a outros órgãos, submetidos à laparotomia exploradora, no período de janeiro de 2011 a dezembro de 2013. Resultados: foram estudados 392 pacientes submetidos à laparotomia, dos quais 107 com lesões hepáticas. A relação masculino:feminino foi 6,6:1 e a média de idade dos pacientes foi 30,12 anos. O trauma hepático penetrante ocorreu em 78,5% dos pacientes, principalmente por arma de fogo. Lesões associadas ocorreram em 86% dos casos e as lesões intra-abdominais foram mais comuns no trauma penetrante (p<0,01). A técnica operatória mais utilizada foi a hepatorrafia, e a cirurgia para controle de danos foi feita em 6,5% dos pacientes. A quantidade média de hemoderivados utilizados foi 6,07 unidades de hemoconcentrado e 3,01 unidades de plasma fresco. A incidência de complicações pós-operatórias foi 29,9%, e as mais frequentes foram as infecciosas, incluindo pneumonia, peritonite e abscesso intra-abdominal. A taxa de sobrevida dos pacientes acometidos de trauma contuso foi 60% e de trauma penetrante, 87,5% (p<0,05). Conclusão: apesar dos avanços tecnológicos de diagnósticos e tratamentos, as taxas de morbimortalidade nos traumas hepáticos permanecem elevadas, especialmente nos pacientes acometidos de trauma hepático contuso em relação ao trauma penetrante.

Risk factors for mortality in blunt abdominal trauma with surgical approach / Fatores de risco para óbito no trauma abdominal fechado com abordagem cirúrgica

ABSTRACTObjective:identify risk factors for mortality in patients who underwent laparotomy after blunt abdominal trauma.Methods:retrospective study, case-control, which were reviewed medical records of blunt trauma victims patients undergoing laparotomy, from March 2013 to January 2015, and compared the result of the deaths group with the group healed.Results:of 86 patients, 63% were healed, 36% died, and one patient was excluded from the study. Both groups had similar epidemiology and trauma mechanism, predominantly young adults males, automobilistic accident. Most cases that evolved to death had hemodynamic instability as laparotomy indication - 61% against 38% in the other group (p=0.02). The presence of solid organ injury was larger in the group of deaths - 80% versus 48% (p=0.001) and 61% of them had other associated abdominal injury compared to 25% in the other group (p=0.01). Of the patients who died 96% had other serious injuries associated (p=0.0003). Patients requiring damage control surgery had a higher mortality rate (p=0.0099). Only one of 18 patients with isolated hollow organ lesion evolved to death (p=0.0001). The mean injury score of TRISS of cured (91.70%) was significantly higher than that of deaths (46.3%) (p=0.002).Conclusion:the risk factors for mortality were hemodynamic instability as an indication for laparotomy, presence of solid organ injury, multiple intra-abdominal injuries, need for damage control surgery, serious injury association and low index of trauma score.

RESUMOObjetivo:identificar fatores de risco para óbito em pacientes submetidos à laparotomia exploradora após trauma abdominal contuso.Métodos:estudo retrospectivo, caso-controle, no qual foram revisados prontuários dos pacientes vítimas de trauma contuso submetidos à laparotomia. Foram avaliados: variáveis epidemiológicas, mecanismo de trauma, lesões anatômicas das vísceras abdominais, lesões associadas, necessidade de operação para controle de danos reoperação e desfecho.Resultados:dos 86 pacientes, 63% foram curados, 36% foram a óbito e um paciente foi excluído do estudo. Ambos os grupos possuíam epidemiologia e mecanismo de trauma semelhantes, predominantemente adultos jovens do sexo masculino, vítimas de acidente automobilístico. A maioria dos casos que evoluíram a óbito teve instabilidade hemodinâmica como indicação de laparotomia - 61% contra 38% do outro grupo. A presença de lesão de víscera maciça foi maior no grupo óbitos - 80% vs. 48%, e 61% destes tinham outra lesão abdominal associada contra 25% dos curados. Dos pacientes que faleceram, 96% apresentavam lesões graves associadas. Pacientes que necessitaram de cirurgia de controle de danos tiveram maior taxa de mortalidade. Apenas um de 18 pacientes com lesão de víscera oca isolada evoluiu a óbito. A média do escore de trauma TRISS dos curados (91,7%) foi significativamente maior do que a dos óbitos (46,3%).Conclusão:os fatores de risco para óbito encontrados para vítimas de trauma abdominal fechado que necessitam de laparotomia exploradora são: instabilidade hemodinâmica como indicação para laparotomia, presença de lesão de víscera maciça, múltiplas lesões intra-abdominais, necessidade de cirurgia de controle de danos, lesões graves associadas e índice de trauma baixo.

Successful anesthetic management in a child after traumatic rupture of left main bronchus by a single-lumen cuffed-endotracheal tube.

Tracheobronchial injury (TBI) may lead to catastrophe if remains undetected or managed improperly. The incidence of TBI is less in children as compared with adults due to their pliable chest wall. Its clinical manifestations include persistent pneumothorax, cervical subcutaneous emphysema, pneumomediastinum, cyanosis, and respiratory insufficiency. The recommended airway management is to intubate the healthy bronchus with a single‑lumen or double‑lumen endotracheal tube (ET) and bypassing the injured side. We report successful anesthetic management of traumatic rupture of the left main bronchus in a child by using a single‑lumen cuffed‑ET. Many factors affect the outcome of such injuries and include the extent of the lesion, the resulting pulmonary status, the adequacy of surgical reconstruction. More severe injury may require lobectomy or pneumonectomy. Early diagnosis and proper management result in good functional outcome.

Traumatic injuries of peripheral nerves: a review with emphasis on surgical indication / Lesoes traumaticas de nervos perifericos: uma revisao com enfase na indicacao cirurgica

Traumatic peripheral nerve injury is a dramatic condition present in many of the injuries to the upper and lower extremities. An understanding of its physiopathology and selection of a suitable time for surgery are necessary for proper treatment of this challenging disorder. This article reviews the physiopathology of traumatic peripheral nerve injury, considers the most used classification, and discusses the main aspects of surgical timing and treatment of such a condition.

Traumatismos dos nervos periféricos resultam em lesões incapacitantes e estão presentes em muitas das lesões dos membros. A compreensão da fisiopatologia dessas lesões e a seleção do momento operatório mais adequado são imprescindíveis para que o tratamento seja adequado. Neste artigo revisamos a fisiopatologia das lesões traumáticas dos nervos periféricos, apresentamos a classificação mais utilizada dessas lesões e discutimos os principais aspectos relacionados ao momento da cirurgia e às formas de reparo cirúrgico.

Trauma hepático: uma experiência de 21 anos / Hepatic trauma: a 21-year experience

OBJETIVO: avaliar os aspectos epidemiológicos, conduta, morbidade e resultados do tratamento trauma hepático. MÉTODOS: estudo retrospectivo de doentes com mais de 13 anos de idade admitidos em um hospital universitário de 1990 a 2010, submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico ou não operatório (TNO). RESULTADOS: foram admitidos 748 pacientes com trauma hepático. O mecanismo de trauma mais frequente foi o trauma penetrante (461 casos; 61,6%). O trauma fechado ocorreu em 287 pacientes (38,4%). De acordo com o grau de lesão hepática (AAST-OIS), no trauma fechado foi observada uma predominância dos graus I e II e no trauma penetrante, uma predominância do grau III. O TNO foi realizado em 25,7% dos pacientes com trauma hepático contuso. Entre os procedimentos cirúrgicos, a sutura foi realizada com maior frequência (41,2%). A morbidade relacionada ao fígado foi 16,7%. A taxa de sobrevida para pacientes com trauma hepático fechado foi 73,5% e no trauma penetrante de 84,2%. A mortalidade no trauma complexo foi 45,9%. CONCLUSÃO: o trauma permanece mais incidente nas populações mais jovens e no sexo masculino. Houve uma redução dos traumas hepáticos penetrantes. O TNO se mostrou seguro e efetivo, e, frequentemente, foi empregado para tratar os pacientes com trauma hepático penetrante. A morbidade foi elevada e a mortalidade foi maior em vítimas de traumas contusos e em lesões hepáticas complexas.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the epidemiological aspects, behavior, morbidity and treatment outcomes for liver trauma. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study of patients over 13 years of age admitted to a university hospital from 1990 to 2010, submitted to surgery or nonoperative management (NOM). RESULTS: 748 patients were admitted with liver trauma. The most common mechanism of injury was penetrating trauma (461 cases, 61.6%), blunt trauma occurring in 287 patients (38.4%). According to the degree of liver injury (AAST-OIS) in blunt trauma we predominantly observed Grades I and II and in penetrating trauma, Grade III. NOM was performed in 25.7% of patients with blunt injury. As for surgical procedures, suturing was performed more frequently (41.2%). The liver-related morbidity was 16.7%. The survival rate for patients with liver trauma was 73.5% for blunt and 84.2% for penetrating trauma. Mortality in complex trauma was 45.9%. CONCLUSION: trauma remains more common in younger populations and in males. There was a reduction of penetrating liver trauma. NOM proved safe and effective, and often has been used to treat patients with penetrating liver trauma. Morbidity was high and mortality was higher in victims of blunt trauma and complex liver injuries.

Perioperative management of tracheobronchial injury following blunt trauma.

We describe tracheobronchial injury (TBI) in a 17-year-old teenager following blunt trauma resulting from a road traffic accident. The patient presented to a peripheral hospital with swelling over the neck and face associated with bilateral pneumothorax for which bilateral intercostal drains were inserted and the patient was transferred to our institute. Fiber-optic videobronchoscopy (FOB) was performed, the trachea and bronchi were visualized, and the site and extent of injury was assessed. Spontaneous respiration was maintained till assessment of the airway. Then the patient was anesthetized with propofol and paralyzed using succinylcholine and a double-lumen endobronchial tube was inserted; thereafter, the adequacy of controlled manual ventilation and air-leak through intercostal drains was assessed and the patient was transferred to operating room (OR) for repair of the airway injury. The OR was kept ready during FOB to manage any catastrophe. This case describes the need for proper preparation and communication between health care team members to manage all possible scenarios of traumatic TBI.

Rotura vesical intraperitoneal y reparación laparoscópica: ¿es éste el nuevo gold standard? / Intraperitoneal bladder rupture and laparoscopic repair: is this the new gold standard?

Introduction: Nowadays laparoscopy is the new paradigm in many surgical treatments; however, its role in urological trauma is barely emerging. The aim of this article is to show a laparoscopic repair technique of an intraperitoneal bladder rupture secondary to a blunt abdominal trauma, its feasibility and safety. Case: We present a 28 year old man who consulted with 6 hours of hypogastric pain, absence of micturition and vesical globe, after alcoholic consumption. He presented high blood both creatini-ne and inflammatory parameters. A Foley catheter was installed, the pain increased progressively, with Blumberg sign and tachycardia. Looking back again, he told about a blow in the hypogastric region with full bladder. A non-contrasted CT of the pelvis showed the catheter's end into peritoneal cavity. A successfully three port laparoscopic repair was made using intracorporeal double layer suturing technique with poliglactin, an intraoperative cystoscopic check was performed. The patient was discharged at sixth day without complications. Discussion: Classically surgical treatment for intraperitoneal bladder rupture has been laparotomy with double layer closure of the lesion. However, there are no randomized control trials comparing this technique with other methods. Also, there is a lack of laparoscopic repair reports, probably due to most bladder ruptures are extraperitoneal (managed with non-surgical treatment) or associated with other organs injury (needing laparotomy). Although more evidence is needed, we believe that laparoscopic repair of intraperitoneal bladder rupture could be considered as an option in stable patients and without important associated injuries, achieving better cosmetic outcomes and faster recovering.

Introducción: Actualmente la laparoscopia es el nuevo paradigma en muchos tratamientos quirúrgicos, pero su rol en trauma urológico es incipiente. Nuestro objetivo es mostrar una técnica factible y segura de cistorrafia laparoscópica por ruptura vesical intraperitoneal contusa. Caso: Un hombre de 28 años consulta por 6 horas de dolor hipogástrico, retención y globo vesical, después de una transgresión alcohólica. Ingresa con creatininemia y parámetros inflamatorios elevados. A pesar de un sondeo vesical exitoso, evoluciona con más dolor, Blumberg y taquicardia. Revisando la anamnesis, refiere un golpe en hipogastrio, con vejiga llena. En pieloTAC se observa el extremo de la sonda en cavidad peritoneal. En pabellón, se realiza una reparación laparoscópica mediante tres trócares, usando sutura de poliglactina en doble capa, con revisión cistoscópica intraoperatoria. El paciente se da de alta al sexto día postoperatorio, sin complicaciones. Discusión: Clásicamente, el tratamiento quirúrgico de la ruptura vesical intraperitoneal, ha sido la laparotomía exploradora con cierre de la lesión en doble capa. Sin embargo, esta técnica no ha sido comparada en estudios randomizados con otras modalidades. Además, hay escasos reportes de la técnica laparoscópica, probablemente porque la mayoría de las lesiones son extraperitoneales (con manejo conservador) o con lesión de otros órganos (requiriendo laparotomía). Se necesita más evidencia, pero creemos que la cistorrafia laparoscópica de lesiones intraperitoneales, es una buena conducta en pacientes estables sin otros daños asociados, alcanzando mejores resultados estéticos y una recuperación más rápida.

Trauma hepático contuso: comparação entre o tratamento cirúrgico e o não operatório / Blunt hepatic trauma: comparison between surgical and nonoperative treatment

OBJETIVO: Analisar a evolução do trauma hepático fechado e comparar o tratamento operatório e não operatório em pacientes admitidos com estabilidade hemodinâmica e nenhuma indicação óbvia de laparotomia. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de casos admitidos em um hospital universitário entre 2000 e 2010. Os pacientes submetidos ao tratamento operatório foram distribuídos em dois grupos: a) todos os pacientes submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico e b) pacientes sem indicações óbvias de laparotomia. RESULTADOS: Neste período, 120 pacientes foram admitidos com trauma hepático fechado. Sessenta e cinco pacientes (54,1%) foram submetidos ao tratamento não operatório e 55 pacientes foram operados. Pacientes submetidos ao tratamento não operatório tiveram melhores parâmetros fisiológicos na admissão, menor gravidade de lesões (exceto pelo grau de lesão hepática), menor necessidade de transfusão sanguínea e menor morbidade e mortalidade quando comparados aos pacientes operados. Os pacientes operados sem indicação óbvia de cirurgia tiveram maiores taxas de complicações e mortalidade do que os pacientes submetidos ao tratamento não operatório. CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento não operatório resultou em menor taxa de complicações, menor necessidade de transfusão sanguínea e menor mortalidade.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the outcomes of blunt hepatic trauma, and compare surgical and non-surgical treatment in patients admitted with hemodynamic stability and with no obvious indications of laparotomy. METHODS: This is a retrospective study of cases admitted to a university teaching hospital between the years 2000 and 2010. Patients undergoing surgical treatment were divided into two groups: (a) all patients undergoing surgical treatment, and (b) patients with obvious need for surgery. RESULTS: In this period, 120 patients were admitted with blunt hepatic trauma. Sixty five patients (54.1%) were treated non-operatively and fifty five patients were operated upon. Patients treated non-operatively had better physiologic conditions on admission, demonstrated less severe injuries (except the grade of hepatic injury), received less blood components and had lower morbidity and mortality than the patients operated upon. Patients who underwent non-operative treatment had a lower need for blood transfusion but higher rates of complications and mortality than the patients operated upon. Patients who were operated upon, with no obvious indications for surgery, had higher rates of complication and mortality than patients not operated upon. CONCLUSION: A non-operative approach resulted in lower complications, a lower need for blood transfusions and lower mortality.

Insuficiencia tricuspídea causada por traumatismo no penetrante de tórax en adolescente de 14 años / Insuficiência tricúspide causada por traumatismo nåo penetrante de tórax em um adolescente de 14 anos / Tricuspid valve regurgitation due to thoracic blunt trauma in a 14 year old adolescent

La insuficiencia tricuspídea como consecuencia de un traumatismo no penetrante de tórax es poco frecuente. Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 14 años con diagnóstico pre quirúrgicode insuficiencia tricuspídea por displasia valvular y de ventrículo derecho en el cual, durante la cirugía, se evidencia la desinserción de la valva anterior tricuspídea sin displasia. Debido a lascaracterísticas de la lesión valvular, se sospecha que su etiología podía ser de origen traumático. Interrogando a la familia, recuerdan un accidente que ocurrió 7 años atrás, en el que la paciente sufrió un fuerte traumatismo no penetrante de tórax...

A insuficiência tricúspide como consequência de um traumatismo não penetrante de tórax é pouco frequente. Apresentamos o caso de uma paciente de 14 anos com diagnóstico pré cirúrgicode insuficiência tricúspide por displasia valvar e de ventrículo direito no qual, durante a cirurgia, evidenciou-se a desinserção da valva anterior tricúspide sem displasia. Devido às característicasda lesão valvar, suspeita-se que sua etiologia pudesse ser de origem traumática. Durante uma entrevista com a familia, foi relatado um acidente ocorrido 7 anos antes, onde a paciente sofreu um forte traumatismo não penetrante de tórax...

Tricuspid insufficiency as a consequence of blunt thoracic trauma is uncommon. We present the case of a 14 year-old patient with preoperative diagnosis of tricuspid insufficiency due to valvularand right ventricle dysplasia where, during the surgery, there is evidence of desinsertion of the anterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve without dysplasia. Because of the characteristics of the valvular injury, its etiology is suspected to be of traumatic origin. The family, when inquired, remembers an accident that occurred 7 years ago, when the patient suffered a blunt thoracic trauma...

Endovascular and open repair for blunt aortic injury, treated in one clinical institution in Brazil: a case series

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this retrospective study is to analyze and compare the results of conventional surgical repair and endovascular treatment of blunt aortic injury over the past 8 years. METHODS: Twenty-eight patients (25 male; mean age, 35 years) were treated for blunt aortic injury between April 2001 and March 2009 in a university hospital in Brazil. Twenty-six patients were included in the study: five were treated with operative repair (OR) and 21 with endovascular treatment (TEVAR). Two patients were excluded from analysis: one was managed conservatively, and one was treated with endovascular treatment for chronic dissection related to aortic trauma. RESULTS: Mean age was lower in the OR group than in the endovascular treatment group (17.8 vs. 38 years, P = .003). There was one death in the OR group and four deaths in the endovascular treatment group. Mean follow-up for the overall group was 33.6 months, with 48.7 months (range 8-83 months) for the OR group, and 29.8 months (range 2-91 months) for the TEVAR group. Mean time elapsed from injury to repair was 23.4 hours (range 8-48 h, median 20 h) for the OR group and 30.3 hours (range 2-240 h, median 18 h) for the TEVAR group (P = .374). The duration of surgery was shorter in the endovascular treatment group (142 versus 237 minutes; P = .005). There were no significant differences with respect to the number of postoperative days requiring mechanical ventilation, duration of ICU stay or duration of hospital stay. CONCLUSION: In this retrospective analysis, endovascular treatment was a safe method for repair of blunt aortic trauma, with immediate and midterm results that were comparable to those results obtained with operative repair. No complications from the stent graft were identified during follow-up. Nevertheless, long-term follow-up is necessary to confirm the effectiveness of this treatment.

Laparoscopic repair of traumatic intraperitoneal bladder rupture

Intraperitoneal rupture of the bladder is an uncommon condition that is usually caused by pelvic fractures. This is a true surgical emergency managed conventionally by open laparotomy with single or double layer repair. We present a case of successful laparoscopic repair of an intraperitoneal bladder rupture secondary to blunt abdominal trauma and pelvic fracture in a 37 year-old man. The repair was done using single layer repair, with successful results

[Management of blunt hepatic trauma in patients referred to Isfahan Alzahra hospital during 1998-2008]

Liver is the most commonly injured organ in blunt abdominal trauma. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment of blunt hepatic trauma would decrease morbidity and mortality rates. To achieve this goal, physicians should be aware of the prevalence, etiologies, signs and symptoms, diagnostic procedures and up-to-date management of blunt hepatic trauma. A descriptive retrospective study was conducted on all 130 patients admitted to the emergency department of Isfahan Alzahra Hospital during 1998- 2008. Data were collected from patients' medical records and analyzed using descriptive statistical methods. Out of 130 patients, 103 cases [79.2%] were male. Mean age of cases was 29.7 +/- 13.46. The most common traumatic mechanism was vehicle accidents in 100 cases [76.9%]. Sonography in association with CT scan as the most commonly used diagnostic method was obtained in 68 cases [52.3%]. Eighty-eight cases [67.7%] underwent surgery while conservative treatment was selected for the other 42 cases [32.3%]. Admission to ICU was more frequently needed in conservative treatment group [P=0.001]. The mean length of hospitalization was shorter for patients underwent surgery. Better clinical results and fewer complications in the group managed conservatively presents it as a safer and more efficient treatment method

Fratura de órbita por queda de cavalo e correção de estrabismo / Orbit fracture by horse fall and strabismus correction

Descreve-se uma paciente com fratura orbitária grave causada por queda de cavalo. Relato do seu tratamento cirúrgico com correção do estrabismo e tentativa de correção da enoftamia.

Description of a patient with orbital fracture cause by a horse fall. Follow-up the surgical treatment of the strabismus and the enophtlamos.

Abordagem do trauma renal - artigo de revisão: review of the literature / Management of renal trauma: review of the literature

A incidência de traumatismo é uma realidade crescente nos dias de hoje. O acometimento dos reina ocorre em cerca de 10 por cento dos pacientes com trauma abdominal fechado ou penetrante, podendo elevar muito a morbimortalidade quando não bem conduzido. Os autores fizeram um levantamento de artigos recentes para esclarecimentos no diagnóstico e na conduta no traumatismo renal, desde os detalhes anatômicos até o tratamento definitivo. A correta condução do paciente é fundamental para a preservação e manutenção da função do órgão, sobretudo da vida, após o evento traumático.

Trauma incidence is increasing nowadays. Kidney injuries occur in about 10 percent of patients with blunt or penetrating trauma, and those lesions add morbidity and mortality when not appropriate care is carried out. A literature review of the most recent papers was done by the authors to clarify diagnosis and final treatment. The correct management is a must to preserve and keep the kidney function, moreover, the quality of life after a trauma event.

Trauma do pâncreas: fatores preditivos de morbidade e mortalidade relacionados a índices de trauma / Trauma of pancreas: predictor's factors of morbidity and mortality related to trauma index

Contexto: Embora incomuns, lesões traumáticas do pâncreas estão associadas a significativos níveis de complicações e mortalidade. OBJETIVO: Definir os fatores preditivos de morbidade e mortalidade em pacientes vítimas de trauma pancreático. MÉTODO: Foram estudados 131 pacientes atendidos pela Disciplina de Cirurgia do Trauma no Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, SP, no período entre janeiro de 1994 a dezembro de 2007, com seus parâmetros epidemiológicos, fisiológicos e anatômicos, sendo comparados e analisados aos fatores preditivos de evolução, com estudo estatístico. Resultados: Trauma penetrante, com predomínio de ferimentos por projétil de arma de fogo ocorreu em 64 por cento dos casos. A maioria, 91,6 por cento, era do sexo masculino e a idade média de 29,8anos. A morbidade global foi de 64,9 por cento, com 29 por cento de complicações diretamente relacionadas ao pâncreas, como fístulas e sangramento. A mortalidade foi de 27,5 por cento, principalmente em decorrência de choque hipovolêmico e falência de múltiplos órgãos e sistemas. Houve maior morbidade e mortalidade em pacientes com lesões complexas (graus IV e V) do pâncreas quando comparadas com lesões menos graves (graus I e II), porém a morbidade e mortalidade neste grupo não foram desprezíveis, devido a valores alterados de escore de trauma revisado ("revised trauma score"), valores elevados de índice de gravidade da lesão ("injury severity score") e "abdominal trauma index". Conclusões: Valores alterados de "revised trauma score", pressão arterial sistólica menor que 90 mm Hg, valor de "injury severity score" menor ou igual a 15 e valor de "abdominal trauma index" maior ou igual a 25 são fatores relacionados a aumento da morbidade. Valores anormais de "revised trauma score", valores de "injury severity score" e "abdominal trauma index" superiores a 25, pressão arterial sistólica inferior a 90 mm Hg são fatores preditivos de aumento de mortalidade...

Context: Although relatively uncommon, traumatic pancreatic injury is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE: To define the predictors' factors of increase in the morbidity and mortality in patients with pancreatic trauma. METHOD: In this casuistic 131 patients were studied, since January 1994 through December 2007, with theirs epidemiological, physiological and anatomic parameters compared and the analysis of the predictive values for the occurrence of bad evolution, with an appropriate statistical study. Results: Penetrating trauma occurred in 64 percent and blunt trauma in 36 percent, and 91.6 percent was male. The mean age was 29,8 years. The global morbidity in this series was 64.9 percent with 29 percent prevalence of pancreas related complications, such as pancreatic fistula and bleeding occurrence. The overall mortality was 27.5 percent and occurred by hemorrhagic shock and multiple organs and system failed. CONCLUSIONS: Higher morbidity and mortality was related with complex injuries of the pancreas (grade IV and V), but morbidity and mortality in the group of injuries grade I and II are not minimal in patients with changed values of revised trauma score and high values of injury severity score and abdominal trauma index. Systolic blood pressure lower 90 mm Hg, changed values of revised trauma score index, values of injury severity score higher 15 and values of abdominal trauma index higher 25 are predictive factors of morbidity. Changed values of revised trauma score, values of injury severity score or abdominal trauma index higher 25, systolic blood pressure are predictive factors of mortality in patients with pancreatic trauma. Low values of TRISS are predictive of higher morbidity and mortality, but high values of TRISS are not predictives of satisfactory evolution.